Avaliação física, química e microbiológica de geladinho de tamarindo comercializado em Morrinhos-GO / Physical, chemical and microbiological evaluation of tamarind geladinho commercialized in Morrinhos – GO

O “geladinho” é muito comum no Brasil, e sua aceitação pela população é muito grande, agradando pessoas de praticamente todas as faixas etárias, principalmente crianças e jovens. Por isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica desse produto, comercializado em Morrinhos – GO. O produto pode ser chamado de vários nomes, cada região brasileira denomina de uma forma, como por exemplo, “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, ”geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, em Morrinhos – GO o sabor predileto da população é o de tamarindo. Foram avaliadas quatro amostras de três pontos de vendas. Foram realizadas análises de pH, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis totais, vitamina C, peso médio, e análises de Salmonella, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras. Nas análises física e químicas foi realizado o acompanhamento após 28 dias de armazenamento em freezer a -18° a -22°C. Nenhuma amostra apresentou presença de coliformes totais, E. coli, e Salmonella. Porém verificou-se a presença de bolores e leveduras em baixos níveis. No geral, os produtos encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias conforme a RDC 12/2001.

The “geladinho” is very common in Brazil, and its acceptance by the population is very large, pleasing people of practically all age groups, mainly children and young people. Therefore, research was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of this product, sold in Morrinhos – GO. The product can be called by several names, each Brazilian region names it in a different way, such as “sacolé”, “flau”, “gelinho”, “geladinho”, “chupe-chupe”, “chope”, in Morrinhos – GO the favorite flavor of the population is tamarind. Four samples from three points of sale were evaluated. pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, vitamin C, average weight, Salmonella, total and thermotolerant coliforms, molds and, yeasts were analyzed. In the physical and solid analyzes performed, the follow-up after 28 days of storage in a freezer at -18 ° to -22°C. No samples presented the presence of total coliforms, E. Coli, and Salmonella. However, compensation value UFC/mL, although small, of molds and yeasts. In general, the products were in satisfactory sanitary conditions according to RDC 12/2001.

In vitro and cellular activities of the selected fruits residues for skin aging treatment

ABSTRACT Peel extracts of litchi and rambutan, and that of tamarind seed coat were investigated in relation to their utility in skin-aging treatments. Standardized extracts of tamarind were significantly (p < 0.05) more efficient at O2 •- scavenging (IC50 = 27.44 ± 0.09) than those of litchi and rambutan (IC50 = 29.57 ± 0.30 and 39.49 ± 0.52 μg/ml, respectively) and the quercetin standard (IC50 = 31.88 ± 0.15 μg/ml). Litchi extract proved significantly (p < 0.05) more effective for elastase and collagenase inhibition (88.29 ± 0.25% and 79.46 ± 0.92%, respectively) than tamarind (35.43 ± 0.68% and 57.69 ± 5.97%) or rambutan (31.08 ± 0.38% and 53.99 ± 6.18%). All extracts were safe to human skin fibroblasts and inhibit MMP-2, with litchi extract showing significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced inhibition over the standard, vitamin C (23.75 ± 2.74% and 10.42 ± 5.91% at 0.05 mg/ml, respectively). Extracts suppress melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells through inhibition of tyrosinase and TRP-2, with litchi extract being the most potent, even more so than kojic acid (standard). These results highlight the potential for adding value to agro-industrial waste, as the basis for the sustainable production of innovative, safe, anti-aging cosmetic products.

Role of polyphenols in the antimicrobial activity of ethanol Tamarindus indica L leaves fluid extract / Papel de los polifenoles en la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto fluido de las hojas de Tamarindus indica L

The aim of this work was to explore in an active, fractioned, and chemically characterized Tamarindus indica L. (TIL) leaves extract, the influence of flavonoids and polyphenol compounds on the antimicrobial activity. A spectrophotometric quantification of the total phenols and flavonoids content was determinate to the TIL leaves extract, as well as, to the four fractions in which was fractioned (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol). The extracts and their fractions were microbiologically tested against six ATCC bacteria and Candida albicans, being determined their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC). Additionally, the extracts were evaluated in their influence on human complement system (classical and alternative pathways). Fractions with high content of flavonoids and polyphenols (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) are active against Bacillus subtilis and inhibit the human complement system (direct pathway, IC50 31.05 and 33.65 ug/mL respectively), but are not active over Staphylococcus aureus. However, this bacterium was susceptible to fractions with low or null concentration of flavonoid or polyphenol compounds. No fractions neither the fluid extract were active against Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. Experimental data suggest that phenols and flavonoids are not the only components involved in the antimicrobial activity of TIL leaves as has been previously suggested by other authors. Complement activity tests did not support a putative role on the antimicrobial activity.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar en un extracto activo de hojas de Tamarindus indica L. (TIL), fraccionado y caracterizado químicamente, la influencia de los polifenoles y flavonoides en su actividad antimicrobiana. Se cuantificaron por espectroscopia UV-visible los contenidos de fenoles totales y flavonoides en el extracto de TIL así como de las cuatro fracciones obtenidas (n-hexano, cloroformo, acetato de etilo y n-butanol). Se evaluó la actividad microbiológica del extracto y sus fracciones contra seis bacterias ATCC y Candida albicans, determinándose sus concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias y bactericidas (MIC y MBC). Adicionalmente, se evaluó la influencia de los extractos en el sistema de complemento humano (vía clásica y alternativa). Las fracciones con altas concentraciones de polifenoles y flavonoides (acetato de etilo y n-butanol) fueron activas contra el Bacillus subtilis e inhibieron el sistema de complemento humano (vía directa, IC50 31.05 y 33.65 g/mL, respectivamente), pero no fueron activas contra Staphylococcus aureus. Sin embargo, esta bacteria fue susceptible a fracciones con baja o nula concentración de polifenoles y flavonoides. El extracto fluido y todas sus fracciones resultaron inactivos frente a Salmonella typhimurium y Candida albicans. Los datos experimentales sugieren que los fenoles y flavonoides no son los únicos compuestos involucrados en la actividad antimicrobiana de hojas de TIL, como había sugerido por otros autores. La actividad medida sobre el sistema de complemento, no aporta relevancia a la actividad antimicrobiana de las hojas de TIL.

Toxicidad aguda oral e irritabilidad de la mucosa oral con una formulación de tabletas de Tamarindus indica L / Acute oral toxicity and irritability of the oral mucosa with a tablet formulation of Tamarindus indica L

In this study, the possible preclinical toxic effects of the Tamarindus indica L tablets were evaluated by the acute oral toxicity (AOT) and oral mucosa irritation (OMI), adapting guideline OECD 423 and ISO 10993-10, respectively. The AOT was evaluated, using the Class Toxocity Method in Sprague Dawley females rats and the OMI was assessed in sirian hamsters, according to the acute exposure method. Any sign of toxicity were not observed in the study. No animal death was occurring and the body weight increase in the two experimental groups was not statistically different. Slight irritation of the oral mucosa of the animals was observed, but this fact didn't impede them to feed appropriately and they body weight increase normally during the assay. Tamarind tablets were framed as non toxic substance and they produce a “light irritability” of the oral mucosa.

En este trabajo se evaluó a nivel preclínico, los posibles efectos tóxicos de las tabletas de Tamarindus indica L. Se ensayó la toxicidad aguda oral, por el método de las clases de toxicidad, en ratas hembras de la línea Sprague Dawley y la irritabilidad de la mucosa oral en Hamster sirio, según las normas OECD 423 y ISO 10993-10, respectivamente. Durante el estudio de toxicidad aguda, no se observaron signos de toxicidad, ni muerte. El peso corporal en ambos grupos experimentales aumentó y no fue diferente estadísticamente. En el estudio de irritabilidad, se observó una ligera irritación en la mucosa de los biomodelos. Esto no les impidió alimentarse adecuadamente y se observó un incremento del peso corporal de ambos grupos experimentales. Se determinó que las tabletas producen una irritabilidad “leve” de la mucosa oral y no clasifican como tóxicas según las normas internacionales de referencia.

Metabolites extraction optimization in Tamarindus indica L. leaves / Optimización de la extracción de metabolitos de las hojas de Tamarindus indica L

A central composite 2 3 full factorial design was used to study the combined effect of ethanol concentration and moistening time on total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and carbohydrates (TC) content, as well as over total soluble substance (TSS) and ashes content (TA) in the Tamarindus indica L. leaves extraction process. Desirability function (0.8377) suggest the 71.73 percent ethanol concentration and 92.37 minutes of moistening time as the best combination variables, predicting values of 25.972 and 2.678 mg/mL for TP and TF; whereas for TSS and TA was predicted 18.417 and 0.566 percent respectively. The TC variable was discarded, because was impossible to find an statistical strong model to describes this variable. The theoretic values predicted were contrasted with new experimental data (n=5) by a hypothesis contrast test and examining the absolute error in the prediction. Results show a good adjustment to the prediction for TP, TSS and TA variables, meanwhile TF exhibit a slight deviation to the predicted value (absolute error over 10 percent). Nevertheless, this study offers a combination of variables when it is intended to prepare a tamarind extract that afford a high extractive capacity and, as a consequence, a larger probability to exhibit some kind of pharmacologic activity.

Un diseño factorial con compuesto central 2 elevado a 3 fue empleado en la evaluación de la influencia de la concentración de etanol y el tiempo de humectación sobre el contenido de fenoles (TP), flavonoides (TF), carbohidratos (TC) sólidos (TSS) y cenizas totales (TA) en el proceso de extracción de hojas de Tamarindus indica L. Valores de 71.73 por ciento de etanol y de 92.37 minutos de tiempo de humectación fue la combinación de factores sugerida por la función deseabilidad (0,8377), la cual predice concentraciones de 25,972 y 2,678 mg/mL para las variables TP y TF; y 18,417 y 0,566 por ciento para TSS y TA respectivamente. La variable TC fue descartada ante la imposibilidad de encontrar modelos predictivos con significación estadística. Estos valores teóricos fueron comparados por contraste de hipótesis y cálculo del error absoluto de la predicción con los obtenidos por réplicas del experimento (n=5). Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste a la predicción para las variables TP, TSS y TA, mientras que la variable TF muestra una pequeña desviación con un error absoluto ligeramente superior al 10 por ciento. A pesar de ello, el presente estudio ofrece una combinación de variables a la cual se logra una alta capacidad extractiva en hojas de Tamarindus indica L., ofreciendo una mayor probabilidad de actividad farmacológica.

Search of new Antimitotics compounds from the Cuban flora / Búsqueda de nuevos compuestos con actividad antimitótica en la flora cubana

The main objective of anti-carcinogenic chemotherapy is to stop uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This has prompted us to begin a systematic survey of new effective inhibitors with ability to react with cytoskeletal components and arrest living, dividing cells. Even for traditional populations herbs-consuming, encouraging the use of species with chemopreventive actions could be helpful as part of life expectancy improvement strategies. Herbal products have significantly lower costs, exhibit little or no toxicity during long-term oral administration and are relatively available at large scale. Current work involved the screening of 85 extracts from Cuban medicinal plants, selected on the basis of traditional use, ethnobotanics and pharmacological information (antiparasitic, antitumour, abortive, etc.). Antitubulinic activity in the hydroalcoholics extracts was evaluated by using a modified version of the conventional turbidity assay of tubulin assembly/ disassembly. The activity limits of the news isolated antitubulin agents were thoroughly investigated. According to the presented results, the extracts displaying the highest antitubulinic activity were Tamarindus indica L., Lawsonia inermes L and Xanthium strumarium L.

Detener la proliferación celular es el principal propósito de la quimioterapia anticarcinogénica. Para ello se ha realizado una búsqueda a partir de fuentes naturales de nuevos inhibidores efectivos que reaccionen con los componentes del citoesqueleto y puedan detener la división celular. En poblaciones que tradicionalmente utilizan plantas medicinales se estimula el uso de aquellas especies con acción quimiopreventivas como parte de una estrategia que contribuya a la calidad de vida. Los productos herbarios tienen costos significativamente más bajos, exhiben poca o ninguna toxicidad durante la administración oral a largo plazo y están al alcance de todos. Nuestro trabajo consistió en realizar un tamizaje de 85 extractos de plantas medicinales cubanas seleccionadas en base al uso tradicional, en las encuestas etnobotánicas e información farmacológica (actividad antiparasitaria, antitumoral, abortiva, etc). La actividad antitubulínica fue evaluada mediante una versión modificada del ensayo turbimétrico del ensamblaje/desensamblaje de la tubulina. Se determinó la actividad límite de los nuevos agentes antitubulínicos siendo los extractos de Tamarindus indica L., Lawsonia inermes L and Xanthium strumarium L. los de mejor actividad antitubulínica según las condiciones ensayadas.

In vitro antibacterial activity in seed extracts of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus indica

Extracts prepared from seeds of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus indica were screened for their antibacterial activity by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Acetone and methanol extracts of T. indica seeds were found active against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. MIC values of potent extracts against susceptible organisms ranged from 53-380 μg/mL. Methanol extract of T. indica and acetone extract of M. zapota seeds were found to be bactericidal.